Adolf de Meyer (1868–1946). Belle da Costa Greene, ca. 1910. Archives of the Morgan Library & Museum, ARC 1664.

Belle da Costa Greene (1879–1950) was one of the most prominent librarians in American history. She ran the Morgan Library for forty-three years—initially as the private librarian of J. Pierpont Morgan and then his son, Jack, and later as the inaugural director of the Pierpont Morgan Library (now the Morgan Library & Museum). Not only did Greene build one of the most important collections of rare books and manuscripts in the United States, but she also transformed an exclusive private collection into a major public resource, originating the robust program of exhibitions, lectures, publications, and research services that continues today.

The daughter of Genevieve Ida Fleet Greener (1849–1941) and Richard T. Greener (1844–1922), Belle Greene (named Belle Marion Greener at birth) grew up in a predominantly African American community in Washington, DC. Her father was the first Black graduate of Harvard College and a prominent educator, diplomat, and racial justice activist. Her mother came from a distinguished Black family in Washington and worked as a musician and educator. After Belle’s parents separated during her adolescence, Genevieve changed her surname and that of her children to Greene. From the time Belle was a teenager, they passed as white in a segregated and deeply racist society.

Belle Greene was employed at the Princeton University Library when Junius Spencer Morgan, a nephew of J. Pierpont Morgan and an ardent bibliophile, recommended her to his uncle, whose new library building was nearing completion. In 1905, Greene began working as an assistant to Junius and ultimately became J. Pierpont Morgan’s private librarian, with her own assistant, Ada Thurston—managing, documenting, and building Morgan's collection of rare books and manuscripts, organizing public exhibitions at outside venues, and establishing relationships with dealers and scholars. After Morgan’s death in 1913, Greene continued as private librarian to his son, J.P. Morgan Jr., who established the Pierpont Morgan Library as a public institution in 1924. Greene was named its first director and served in that capacity until her retirement in 1948, two years before her death.

Greene’s legacy is powerful and far-reaching. While the significant role she played as J. Pierpont Morgan’s librarian is often acknowledged, her tenure in that position lasted a mere seven years. During her decades-long career as a library executive, she not only acquired countless significant collection items but also made immeasurable contributions to bibliography and scholarship, mentored colleagues at the Morgan and elsewhere, facilitated widespread collection access through object loans and ambitious photographic services, and promoted the work of distinguished women scholars and librarians.

Learn More About Belle da Costa Greene

Videos

Telling the Story of Belle da Costa Greene

In this video, listen as the curators Philip Palmer and Erica Ciallela and advisory committee members Rhonda Evans and Dominique Jean-Louis explain how they are telling Greene's story.

Belle da Costa Greene and the Women of the Morgan

Curators Erica Cialella and Philip Palmer discuss Belle da Costa Greene’s enduring legacy and their ongoing research on her work as the director of the Morgan Library & Museum.

Creative Adaptations of Belle da Costa Greene

The incredible life of Belle da Costa Greene has been told in several biographies and scholarly articles. But her captivating narrative has also inspired creative works of historical fiction, plays, and music.

Symposium | Belle da Costa Greene

This one-day scholarly symposium brings together experts working on Belle Greene and/or the fields relevant to our understanding of her life and career.